E like me kona hale kaulana kaulana,ʻo kaʻoihana hou o ka Honualani he kumuhana o nā'ōiwi a me nā malihini, kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona hou i ka pilina o ka lāhui aʻo nā mea e hele ana i nā makahiki he mau makahiki.
Nā hopena mua
ʻAʻoleʻike ikiʻia e pili ana i nā kānaka mua mua o ka poʻe Helene ma Netherlands, akā,ʻo kā lākou hoʻoikaikaʻana i nā meaʻai Nūnū e mau a hiki i kēia lā ma keʻano o nā meaʻai e like me duivekater ; Kāwili i nā pōpō a me nā kuki e like me krakelingen ; a me nāʻano hana kūikawā o ka Easter , nā mea hoʻohanohano a me nā hoʻohanohano, kahi i hiki ai ke hoʻihoʻiʻia i nā mōhai hoʻomana a me nā rites o nā hoʻomana kahiko.
Ua loli ka mana o nā hanaʻala Roman i ka wā ma hope o ka emiʻana o ka moku Roma: he meaʻono no nā meaʻala maikaʻi a me nā meaʻala i hōʻikeʻia i kaʻaiʻana ma Roma ma o ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā meaʻala like me ka pepaʻeleʻele a me ka pepa keʻokeʻo, nā mea kanu a me nā liquamen paʻakai (e like me Vietnamese nuoc mam ).
ʻO kaʻoihana mua i nā meaʻala o'Asalia ka mea i hoʻomāhuahua i ka palalani palalani palalani. Ua laweʻia nā hua kūʻai e nā'āina ma o Asia a hiki i nā awa kūʻokoʻa o ka Mānaike kahi i laweʻia ai nā moku Venetian i Italia. Mai laila aku ua kūʻaiʻia aku i ka'ākau e pili ana i nā muliwai a me nā alanui'āina, a kūʻaiʻia ma nā mea kūʻai o Farani no nā huahana Northern European, e like me ka lole woolen a me ka lāʻau.
ʻO nā meaʻala i kālepaʻia nā mea iʻikeʻia a hauʻoliʻia i ka wā kahiko, e like me ka pepa, ka pīpī, ka cardamom a me ka sāffron, a me nā punahele hou loa, e like me ka'amamona, nutmeg, ka wahine, cloves a me ka'alala. ʻO kēia mau meaʻono hou loa i lilo i mea hoʻomehana i loko o ke aloaliʻi a me ka uhiʻana, malia paha no ko lākou uku kiʻekiʻe, i hoʻohuiʻia i ka mana a me ka hanohano.
Hiki ke'ōleloʻia no kekahi huahana'ē aʻe mai ka Hikina mai a hiki iʻEulopa Komohana ma o ka Crusades: ka cane cane. Uaʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka maʻa ma mua o ka meli (a laila ka meaʻalani honua), a like me nā meaʻala he nui wale i loaʻa i ka elite.
Keʻike nei mākou i kekahi mau meaʻai a me nā meaʻai e kapaʻia nei e like me ke Mediterranean a me ka'Asiaia iʻikeʻia e nā mea kuke e hana ana ma nā hale kukeʻo Dutch ma nā kenekulia 15 a me ka 16, ma mua o ka nui o nā meaʻai a me nā meaʻono i manaʻoʻia he "Dutch." Ua kākau kopeʻia nā papaʻano papaʻa mua loa e nā mea kuke i ka lumi kuke o nā hale aliʻi o'Europa ma nā kenekulia 14 a me 15, no laila, ua komo ka mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa Italia a me Farani i ka kīlalani Dutch ma mua.
Ua paʻiʻia ka puke paipalapala mua i Netherlands ma ka inoa'Een notabel boecxken van cokeryen ("He puke kaulana o ka mea kuke") ma kahi o ka makahiki 1514. Ma kēia mau ho'ākāka e hōʻike ana i nā meaʻona maikaʻi loa o nā mea'alalani Dutch i hoʻoikaikaʻia e ka Farani, ʻO ka kukeʻana i ka'ōlelo Pelekānia a me Kelemānia, ka mea i hoʻoikaika i kekahi i kekahi.
Hoʻoponopono Hui
ʻO ka nui o nā legumes i alohaʻia i kēia lā, ua laweʻia wale nō i ka seneturi 16. Ma mua o ia manawa, uaʻike waleʻia nāʻela, nā moa, a me nā pīnoa nui i'Europa. ʻO Pīpī, kahi iʻikeʻia nei he hapa nui o ke kīhālani Dutch,ʻo ia wale nō i hoʻolaunaʻia ma hope o kaʻikeʻana oʻAmelika, aʻaʻole i lilo i meaʻai na nā lehulehu ma mua o ka 1800. Ma ka kenekulia 17, kaulana nā hale kākela o nā Netherlands a me nā hale manakia no ko lākou mau hale mālama, kahi i ulu ai nā huaʻona C-hua waiwai, e like me nā lemona a me nā huaʻaila, a me nā hua'ē aʻe a me nā mea ulu. ʻO kēia mau mea i kapaʻiaʻo "nā'alana"ʻo ia ka mea mua i nā'ōmaʻomaʻo o kēia mau lā.
ʻOiai ka pia ka inu a ke kanaka maʻamau,ʻo ka waina kekahi mea inu punahele i ka 16th century. Ua laweʻia mai he nui mai Farani a me Kelemānia, akā, aia kekahi mau wīwī ma ka'āina Netherlands ma kēia manawa. Ua kaulana nā waina a Rhine a me Mosel me kaʻele, a me ka waina maikaʻi, i kapaʻiaʻo Bastart (e like me ka waina Malsala ).
Ua hoʻokumuʻia ka Company Dutch Company Initiative ( Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie a i ka VOC ma Dutch), i ka makahiki 1602 a he mea kōkua i ka hoʻokumuʻana i ka mana ikaika o ka'āina'Āina hikina ma ka'Āina 1700. Me kona kapikala ma ke kūlanakauhaleʻo Batavia (i kēia manawaʻo Jakarta, i Indonesia) a me nā hana pāʻoihana ma India, Sumatra, Borneo a me Java, ua kapaʻia ka VOC i kapaʻia heʻenehana nui mua o ka honua aʻo ia ka hui mua e hāʻawi aku i nā waiwai. ʻO nā hua komo nui o kaʻahahui kālepa nui i komo i loko o nāʻano maʻamau o nā papa kūʻai maʻamau o kēia ao, e like me ka pepa, nā kinamona, nā cloves, ka tea, ke rice, ka cafe , nutmeg a me ka wahine. ʻOiai ua nui ka nui o kēia mau meaʻala i alohaʻia ma ka Netherlands, ua nui loa ka waiwai a no laila a hiki i ka hoʻomakaʻana o ke kamupene East East India e hoʻihoʻi mai i nā ukana o kēia mau meaʻai, a kau aku iā lākou i kahi kokoke loa i nā poʻe Nūmana maʻamau.
Ua weheʻia nā hale'elelani Dutch mua i 1663 ma Hague a me Amsterdam. I ka makahiki 1696, ua hoʻolālāʻia ke kumukuai kiʻekiʻe o ke kofe i ka VOC e ulu i kāna kīʻaha ma Java. Ma ka kenekulia 18, kahi, kafe a me ka baleka wela nā meaʻono o ka lā, mahaloʻia no ka mea i kapaʻia he "mau lāʻau lāʻau." ʻAʻole wale i hiki iā lākou ke hāʻawi iā lākou. Ua laweʻia i kekahi manawa ma mua o ka hikiʻana o kēia mau waiwai hoʻokipa i nā mea a pau.
Ua hoʻohioloʻia ka VOC i ka makahiki 1799, akā ua haʻaleleʻo ia i ka hoʻoilina mau loa ma kahi kīhini Dutch. He nui nā meaʻono kaulana o Netherlands i hanaʻia me nā meaʻala like me ka VOC:ʻo nā kānana maloʻo maʻamau e like me ka mea i hanaʻia, nā hua leʻaleʻa me nā cloves a me ka kumini a me nā kuki aloha punahele o ka'āina,ʻo ia hoʻi nā pūnana, nā kruidnoten , nā pepernoten , jan hagel , stroopwafels a me taai-taai .
Kāpena Pāpale
Me nā kolemu a me nā noho'āina maʻAmelika, Asia,ʻAmelika Hema, a me ka Caribbean, he mau mana ikaika ko colonial ka Honua. Uaʻikeʻia nā Spice Islands i ka lei i kona kolonā colonial a ua komo ka Dutch i nā meaʻaina o Indonesianʻaʻole wale ma nā koloka, akā hoʻi i ka home. ʻO ka mea'enekania Indonesian rijsttafel (ʻo ia hoʻi, "ka laiki raiki") he meaʻenehana Dutch ia,ʻo ia ka mea i hui pū i nā loina o nā kīʻaha o ka'āpana'āina i kahiʻahaʻaina pāʻina,ʻo ia paha, he "hōʻailonaʻai" mua loa o nā papa liʻiliʻi, me kahi laiki a me nā meaʻala. I kēia manawa, manaʻo ka poʻe Dutch i kaʻaiʻana o Indonesian e kokoke i nā'ōiwi maoli a makemake lākou e kiʻi i nā malihini malihini mai kahi haleʻaina Indonesian i ka wā e hoʻokipa ai lākou. ʻO nā meaʻai e like me ka pami goreng, babi ketjap a me ka noho i nā mea i loko o nā hale o nā kūpuna kahiko o kēia wā,ʻo ka bamischijf (kahi kīʻaha i hoʻomoʻaʻia i nā mea ulu i loko o ka palaoa crumb crust) a me ka patat sate (he mea kūpono maikaʻi loaʻo Indo-Dutch nā hāʻina fusion.
ʻOiai paha he mea hoʻopīhoihoi,ʻaʻole i nui ka hopena o nā kole o nā mokupuniʻo Holani o Suriname a me nā'Anelani Malanilani i kaʻaiʻana i ke kīhāhā. Manaʻo kekahi ma luna o Surinamese a me ka poʻe malihini mai o Antillean i kā lākou hanaʻana iā lākou iho, me ka hopenaʻaʻole i ulu likeʻoleʻia e like me Indonesian, Turkish a me Moroccan cooking.
I kēia mau lā, hiki iāʻoe keʻike i kahi kāpena sandwich Surinamese a me ka (malihini malihini) e kūʻai aku ana i nā meaʻai a Surinamese a me nā'ākena'ālika, oiai ka hoʻomakaʻana o ka pia a me nā mea kanu e hoʻomaka i ke ala e hele aku i nā hale kūʻai.
ʻO ka Flavors o Turkey a me Morocco
Ua hele mai ka poʻe malihini mai Turkey a me Morocco i ka Netherlands ma ka hapalua hope o ke kenekulia. I ko lākou kūkuluʻana i kahi noho mau ma Netherlands, nui ka poʻe i weheʻia nā hale kūʻai kihi a me nā haleʻaina. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo,ʻo ka nui o nā haleʻai Turkish a me Moroccan i loko o ka Netherlands i mea hana nui i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana i ka mea Holani me nā meaʻai Turkish a me Moroccan. A ma muli o ka maʻalahi o ke kūʻaiʻana i nā meaʻai a pau ma nā hale kūʻai liʻiliʻi ma kahi o ke kihi, ua ho'āʻo nā Helene e ho'āʻo i ko lākou lima ma kahi'ōlelo Turkish a me Moroccan i ka home. ʻO nā pāʻina e like me nā hoahānau, hummus a me nā tajines ua hala aku i ka heleʻana i ka lā i nā mea o nā makahiki he mau makahiki. ʻO nā pizza pizzas, kofte, kebaba a me ka pita kekahi mau meaʻai āpau o nā alanui a me nā kuhina Dutch e hoʻohana nei i nā mele me nā mele Moroccan, nā lā, ka harissa paste , ka pōkōkō Turkish, nā pomegerane a me ka berena ma nāʻano hou.
ʻO ka Lega'Ōlelo Dutch
Ua haʻalele ka Netherlands i kā lākou hōʻailona ma nā koleka a me nā'āina. ʻO ka oliebol , i laweʻia i ka New World e nā mea kuhi mua o Dutch, i lilo paha i loko o ke kāpena. I ka Pākīpika'Akelika,ʻo ka oliebol ka mea mua o nāʻoihana a me nā vetkoek . Ma ka likeʻole me ka'ōlelo, " Ma ka'Amerika e like me apple pie," uaʻokiʻia e ka Dutch i nā mea ma mua o ka hikiʻana o nā USA, a ua lawe paha i kā lākou'ōleʻaʻanuʻu Apple a me lākou i ka New World. Ua hoʻolaha ka poʻe Hoʻokena i ka pancake ma USA a me'Akelika Hema, a ua hāʻawi aku i kāna punahele waiū punahele a me soetkoekies (like me nā kumu kukui). Ua hoʻolauna mai ka Dutch i ke kuki i North America, aʻo ka hua'ōleloʻo ia ka cookie i kāna meymology i ka hua'ōlelo'ōlelo Dutch'okokje .
Nā kumuhana: Nā puna a me nāʻaʻahu: nā Pepa Manua ma ka Hana Medieval by Johanna Maria van Winter ( Prospect Books, 2007); Brood-en gebakvormen en hunne beteekenis in de folklore ( " Bread-a me nāʻano meaʻai meaʻai a me ko lākou manaʻo i ka moʻolelo ") na JH Nannings (Interbook International, 1974); Kastelenkookboek ("Castle Cookbook") na Robbie dell 'Aira (Uitgeverij Kunstmag, 2011); Koks & Keukenmeiden ("Cooks and Kitchen Maids") na J. Van Dam a me J. Witteveen (Nijgh & Van Ditmar, 1996); ʻO Die Geskiedenis van Boerekos ("The History of the Boer Kitchen") na HW Claassens (Protea Boekhuis, 2006).