ʻO ka Baking Glemana berena

Ke hoʻomaka mua ka mea eʻoki i ka meaʻai, ua hauʻoli lākou no ka loaʻaʻana i kahi huahana hiki mai. Ma hope aku i kā lākou palaoa e laʻau ai, e makemake lākou eʻoki i ka meaʻai e like me kā lākou e hana ai i ka kuke kuke. A inā lākou e hele ana iʻEulopa, makemake maoli lākou e hiki iā lākou ke hana hou i kaʻahaʻaina Pākehā.

Ka paleʻana i ka Pānaʻi Pāʻani Pākehā

ʻO ka hana maʻalahiʻana i ka palaoa Pākehā he mea paʻakikī loa ia no ka mea kahuʻai hale, akā, no kaʻike o ka mea hana lima a me ka meaʻoihanaʻoihana ma ka pūnaewele a i loko o nā puke kahu hānai, ua hoʻolakoʻia nā mea hana a me nā meaʻai.

No ka laʻana, ma kahi o nā mea'ē aʻeʻekolu wale nō i ka hale kūʻai (keʻokeʻo, ka palaoa a me ka palaoa),ʻoi aku ka nui o kā mākou koho. Hoʻokomoʻia nā'ōpili i ka hana hoʻopiliʻana i nā'āpala i loko o ka umu home a me ka hoʻokuʻuʻana i nā mea hana bakaki e hana ma kahiʻohana.

Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka mea maʻamau a Kelemānia a iʻoleʻEulopa paha, ma kahi o ka'ōlelo maʻamau, ke kauʻia nā pahu. ʻO kekahi o nā kumu nui loa o ka hanaʻana i kaʻai iʻaiʻia maʻEulopa kahi kahi eʻike ai i nā meaʻai e like me ka mea mua.

Pehea ka Maluina o Flour?

ʻO ka laʻana, heʻanoʻokoʻa likeʻole, no ka mea i ulu aiʻo ia, pehea i hanaʻia ai a mālamaʻia a ma ka wā hoʻi i ka wā e ulu ana. Mālama kēia mau mea i ka'ōpala ma kaʻikeʻana i kā lākou huahana, akā,ʻo ka hui pono o nā huapalaoa a me ka palaoa palaoa, uaʻikeʻia he mau mea hūnā kalepa. ʻO ia ke kumu, hiki iāʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka palaoa no kēlā me kēia papahele, no ka mea e hoʻohanaʻoe i ka mea hoʻokahi a me kaʻano o ka palaoa i kāheaʻia i loko o ka meaʻai aiʻole i ka mea kuke.

Aia nā haneli haneli o ka palaoa i hoʻohanaʻia e hana i ka palaoa. Hoʻohuiʻia i ka manawa o ke kanuʻana (ka hoʻoilo a me ka puna) a inā he kiʻekiʻe a he haʻahaʻa liʻiliʻi paha (kahi paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe a iʻole ka puʻu lepo haʻahaʻa), e hōʻike ana i kahi kūpono o ka nui o ka gluten.

Hoʻopihaʻia nā pīpīʻulaʻula mai nā'ōpalaʻeleʻele a me ka paʻakikī i hoʻokaʻawaleʻia i loko o nā kahawai ma ke kālaiʻana.

Hoʻopiha houʻia nā kahawai no ka hanaʻana i nā puaʻa me nāʻano likeʻole. Hoʻokaʻawale ka pehi mua i ka nui o ka pua a me ka germ a waiho i ka "palaoa maikaʻi" aiʻole "100 flour extraction flour". Hoʻopauʻia nā pale waena a hoʻohana nuiʻia no nā mea hānai holoholona, ​​akā hiki ke hoʻohuiʻia i hope ma hope aku e loaʻa ai kahi huaʻano palaoa a pau.

Hoʻokomoʻia nā mea kanu o ka palaoa a pau ma o ka hoʻopiliʻana i nā kahawai o kaʻaila a me ka hoʻohui houʻana i ke kuala a me ka lepo a me ka pua. Hoʻonui kēia i ka ola papa a loaʻa i kahi huahana kaulike. ʻO kekahi poʻe e'eliʻoki ana i kā lākou pono pono'ī a me kaʻaila ma mua o ka hanaʻana i ka palaoa aʻaʻole hoʻi i kahi koho. He nani ka palaoa aʻano'ē keʻano o ka palaoa. He meaʻai nui ka meaʻai.

• E heluhelu i kaʻikepili hohonu o ka ulana palaoa palaoa e ka HuiʻAmelikaʻo Melika.
• E nānā i kahi wikiō pōkole (10 mau minuke) o ka'ōmole palaoa palaoa e hōʻike ana iāʻoe i nāʻanuʻu likeʻole i ke kaʻina hana o ka'ōleka.
• E heluhelu i kahi moʻolelo ma ka moʻaukala o ka palaoa.
• ʻO kēia wikiō e hōʻike ana i ka hanaʻana o ka lima pōhaku (rotary quern).

Hoʻopiliʻia ke kīʻaha kūpono i ka "palaoaʻala" (ka palaoa keʻokeʻo maikaʻi), me ka waihoʻana i ka "palaoa mua", kahi e waiho ai kekahi koena o ka mela a me ka bran aʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ka palaoa i ka palaoa.

Hiki ke loaʻa nā haneli o nā kahawai mai kēlā me kēlā me kēia hana kaʻina palaoa a laila hui pūʻia e hana i nā puaʻa e pili pono ana i ka makemakeʻana i ka bakena makemake a me nā wahi'āina. ʻO kekahi palaoa palaoa ka palaoa e like me ke kūʻaiʻana i nā'āina a puni. ʻO nā mea e like me King Arthur Flour a me Gold Medal Flourʻelua. ʻO nā mea'ē aʻe e hoʻopukaʻia ana i nā mea a me nāʻano hana ma'ū o ka'āina. I ka la ma ka hema oʻAmelika, no ka mea, heʻano maikaʻi ka palaoa i ka palaoa a me nā pōpō.

Nāʻano o Flour

ʻO ke kīʻaha pīpī a me nā keke flours e hōʻikeʻia ana he mau mea liʻiliʻi pilikino (ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi) i loaʻa i kahi'āpanaʻeleʻele i makemakeʻia i nā pōpō, nāʻupena paʻi a me nā kuki. ʻO kēia mau mea aʻoi aku paha i like me ka German German 405 ka palaoa, French 40 a me ka palaoa Italia 00.

Hiki ke hanaʻia ka palaoa a me ka palaoa keʻokeʻo i ka palaoa keʻokeʻo.

ʻO kāna mea like,ʻo ka Pelekānia 550, French 55 a me Italian flours. He hoʻohālikelike kēia no ka loaʻaʻana o nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma waena o keʻano o ka lepo maikaʻi a me ka "meaʻai" a iʻole keʻano o kēlā me kēia palaoa mai nāʻaila likeʻole. He maikaʻi ke ho'āʻo i nāʻano flours likeʻole i ka meaʻai hoʻokahi a ke hoʻomau i ka kūʻaiʻana i ka mea nāna e hāʻawi iāʻoe i nā hopena maikaʻi loa.

ʻO ka palaoa nui a me ka palaoa pālahalaha he palaoaʻeleʻele me kahi mea nui i loaʻa i ka protein, hoʻohanaʻia e hoʻonui i ke kauʻana i ka palaoa keʻokeʻo a me ka palaoa wili. Hoʻohālikelikeʻia konaʻano like me ka palaoa Kelemania 812, ka palaoa Farani 80, a me ka palaoa Italia 1.

ʻO Rye Flours no ka berena

ʻO Germany kekahi o nā mau'āina e hoʻohana nui ana i ka palaoa rye. Ua laweʻia maiʻo Rye mai Asia mai i nā manawa mua a ua ulu nui i ka wā Ma waena e like me ka palaoaʻai a me ka hoʻopiʻi waiʻona. Ke ulu neiʻo ia i loko o ka lepo momona, a me ka lepo a me nāʻano kūlana o ka manawa,ʻo ka maikaʻi loa o ka palaoa i kahi mahana maloʻo, no laila,ʻo ka mea momona iʻoi aʻe ma mua o ka huapalaoa,ʻo ia ka hua o nā koho ma nā wahi māmā.

Aia kekahi mau manaʻo e kahe ai kaʻeli no Farani a meʻItalia, no ka mea, ua loaʻa keʻano o ka palaoa palaoa ma muli o ka hoʻomauʻana ʻO ka hewa ( Claviceps purpurea , he haʻiki) i ka palaoa kulina . ʻOiai e hiki ke kāpiliʻia ka huapalaoa a me nā huapalapala'ē aʻe, makemakeʻo ia i ka rai me he mea lā. Hiki ke ulu a maikaʻi ma lalo o kaʻoluʻolu a me nāʻanoʻenaʻena, kahi o ka palaoa. I ka huapalapala nui o ka huapalapala aʻaʻole i hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻia ma mua o ka'ō'ōʻana i loko o ka palaoa, ke kanaka, a me nā holoholona e hiki i ka mea make a make aʻoi loa (ʻoi aʻe ma ka moʻolelo o ka uʻi maʻaneʻi).

ʻO Germany, Polani, a me kekahi mau'āina'ē aʻe o ka Pākīpika e hilinaʻi ana i ka hua o ke kīhāpai e ulu ma nāʻano hewaʻole a ua laweʻia nā mea e hōʻemi aiʻole e hoʻopau i ka haʻuna mai ka palaoa. ʻO nā mea e pono ai ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana i ka hua a me ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā meaʻoi aku.

Mālamaʻia ka palaoa a me ka pauʻana i ka palaoa no ka loina, kaʻono a no ka mea he nui nā pono pilikino i loaʻa. I ka makahiki 2010, ua hoʻolaha nāʻimi noiʻi ma Lund, Sweden i nā noiʻi e hōʻike ana i ka maikaʻi o ka palaoaʻono (meʻole ka pua) no kāu mau koko koko.

ʻO ka bala nō hoʻi kekahi mau minela nui a me nā huaʻa.

ʻO Rye Flour Chemistry

Hiki i ke kīlapaʻai ke hana maʻalahi no ka mea he mau meaʻono (he mau huapalino) i kapaʻia he pentoses (xylose, arabinose) e hoʻemi i ka hikiʻana o nā protein gluten e hana i stretchy, mau wahi kūkeke e kōkua i ka pahūʻana i ke kinoea i ka palaoa, akā, ka'ūpulu "kahi pale". Hiki i nā pale i loko o ka palaoa ka mea kōkua i kēia paʻa me ka hanaʻana i kahi meaʻaiʻole.

Eia naʻe, no ka hikiʻana i kēia mau hōʻailona keʻokiʻoki i loko o nā'āpana liʻiliʻi ma o nā alpha-amylases (kahiʻano o ka enzyme) e hoʻemi ana i ko lākou hiki ke hana aku me nā pentoses, hoʻohanaʻia ka pH haʻahaʻa (e'ālikiʻole) e kāohi ai i ka amylase. (E nānā i kēia pane ma "Sauerteig".)

ʻO kēia mau pāʻani a pau kaʻona o ka palaoa i ka palaoa. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, hoʻohanaʻia ka'ati me ka palaoa palaoa e hana i ka mea a nā poʻe Germans e kapa neiʻo "Mischbrot".

KaʻAhaʻAneʻAne a me ka UkuʻAna

ʻO nā helu ma nā pōpō palaoa German e hōʻike ana i ka palaoa milligrams o ka lehu i waihoʻia no 100 grams palaoa i puhiʻia i loko o ka umu ahi ma 900 ° C. ʻO kaʻoihana kiʻekiʻe o ke ahi, ua waihoʻia kaʻoi o ke kaula i loko o ka palaoa aʻo ka pili loa i ka palaoa palaoa. Hoʻopiliʻia kaʻene o ka lehu me ka meaʻole ke pani kūpono i ka hoʻonuiʻana. Ua hōʻole nā ​​kamupene US he nui e hāʻawi i kēia helu (Gold Medal Flour, leka uila) akā e'ōlelo nei he hua kūpaʻa i ka manawa.

• ʻO nā mea'ē aʻe ma kahi o ka lehu.

Hoʻomaopopoʻia ka ho'ēmi hoʻoneʻe i ka degree o ke kaʻawaleʻana o ka lalani mai ka hopena a ua anaʻia i ka pakeneka. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻonuiʻana he 100% aʻaʻole pololei ka palaoa e like me ka palaoa āpau. ʻO ka mahele mua loa ia o ka hopena mai ka hapanui o ke ālā a me ka pua. E loaʻa ana he 72 paona o ka palaoa wili pololei mai 100 paona maika. ʻO ke koena i waena o nā meli, i hānaiʻia i nā holoholona a hoʻopili paha no nā huapalaoa huapalaoa a pau.

ʻO ka lalo iho o ka hapene hapa hoʻoholo hapa, e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka palaoa. Hoʻomaopopo nā meaʻelua a me ka lehu e kōkua i ka mea kahu meaʻoihana e hoʻoholo i ka nui o ka wai, ka lehu, ka manawa a me nā mea'ē aʻe e hoʻohana me ka palaoa e loaʻa ai ka huahana pololei. No ka poʻe meaʻai meaʻai, pono mākou e hilinaʻi i ka ho'āʻo a me ka hewa a me ka manaʻo e hanaʻia ka huahana likeʻole me ka mīhini palaoa, mai ke kāʻei e hoʻomalu.

Māʻona a me Enriched Flours

Aia i ka Flour nā kāpona waipiliʻeleʻele. Mākoʻo ka hana i ka palaoa i keʻokeʻo. Hoʻopiliʻia kaʻala o ka palaoa, ka mea e kōkua ai i ka uluʻana o ka'āpana. Loaʻa kēia i kahi hua puaʻa. Hoʻokomoʻia nā mea nui e hoʻonuiʻia i ka uluʻana o gluten. E hana ana kēia ma kona iho pono'ī, akā,ʻo ka hoʻonuiʻana i kēia mau mea pani i ka hana.

Ma o ka paleʻana a me ke olaʻana a me ka weheʻana i ka lālā a me ka germ, ua nui nā huaora. Hoʻololiʻia kēia mau mea ma ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka palaoa me ka B a me ka hao. Hoʻopili pinepineʻia kaʻeleʻele (e nānā i nā kānāwai FDA).

Ka wehewehena o "Mischbrot"

Ua kapaʻiaʻo "Mischbrot" (lit. mixed bread) he "Keuhi" (hina hina) ma ke kūkulu hema o Germany a "Schwarzbrot" maʻAsuria a me Suedena. Hōʻikeʻiaʻo ia me ka palaoa i hanaʻia me ka palaoa hūʻole a me ka mea hū a me ka huʻiʻana o ka palaoa a me ka rye flours. ʻO nā mea he nui, ināʻaʻole ka nui loa,ʻo nā meaʻai ma Siamani he "Mischbrote" ia.

• "Roggenmischbrot", aiʻole kaʻaila o ka'āpana palaoa, he 51 - 89% rye palaoa.
• "Weizenmischbrot", aiʻole ka palaoa i'āwiliʻia i ka palaoa, kahi 51 - 89% palaoa palaoa.
• "Mischbrot", aiʻole i ka palaoa i'āwiliʻia, he 50 - 50% kaʻaila o ka palaoa a me ka rye flours.

E like me ka hoʻonuiʻana o ka palaoaʻala i ka berena,ʻo ka lōʻihi ka nohoʻana o ka berena a me ka ikaika o kaʻaila. ʻO ka nui o ka palaoa palaoa,ʻo kaʻoi aʻe o kaʻai a me ka "māmā" eʻono.

Aia kekahiʻaila rye kaulana i kapaʻia he pumpernickel, kahiʻoihana kaulanaʻo West Phalian (Osnabruck a puni). Loaʻa i nā hua'ūpī a me nā'enela a pau i hoʻomohoʻia i ka pō i loko o ka wai wela, a laila hoʻokomoʻia i loko o kahiʻeleʻele pani a hoʻomehuʻia no nā hola he 16 - 24. Ua ho'ēmi kēia hana i kēia manawa i 12 mau hola ma ka hoʻomoʻiʻana i ka lefī a iʻole ka'alapiopio i ka hui e kōkua i ka wela e komo i loko o ka'ōpala palapiopio ma o ka piʻiʻana. Hoʻokomo pūʻia ka paʻakikī beet, akāʻo ka hopena a me ka meaʻala mai ka momamelika a me ka hāʻina Maillard i ka manawa e hoʻolapalapa ai. Hiki ke mālamaʻia no kekahi mau mahina no nā makahiki he nui a hoʻohanaʻia i ka Makahiki Ma waena o ka hopena pilikia.

Ka papa o nāʻano'iliala Rye a me nā palena Pākehā

• ʻO ka Fresh Loaf
• ʻO King Arthur Flour
• ʻO ka Artisan
• Bread Bakers Guild o Amelika
• Nā meaʻala a me nā meaʻai mai nā Mills Historic Mills
• ʻO ke keʻehi a me ke kālepa
• Nā kiʻi o nā Māmā Manua Hana
• ʻO ka HuiʻAmelikaʻo Millers
• ʻO Bob's Red Mill